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"“These men and the Iceman had the same ancestors.”" So, 5773-5300 = 473 AM. The Flood happened in 2150 BCE (1610 years after creation, or 1610 AM). So, the man lived prior to the Flood. Noah had G-L91, then. The other haplogroups didn't come around until Babel.
As far as Ashkenazim:
As far as the "mosaic" aspect:
"Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for the father of a multitude of nations have I made thee. 6 And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee."
Also:
"[O]f them also will I take for the priests and for the Levites, saith the LORD."
By the way, they clearly admitted to limitations in the study. e.g.:
"In some cases, we could not recognize the ethno-ancestral characteristic of a specific haplotype; further comprehensive testing would accomplish this task. The detection of additional SNPs, testing for extended STR markers, and full mtDNA testing would help us to get a better understanding of the subjects of our investigation. Analysis of the autosomal DNA is another technique that would provide valuable inputs on this topic. Therefore, our study should be viewed as only a starting point for the analysis of this people."
Also:
"We sampled 23 East European Karaite men and 5 East European Karaite women: a total of 28 individuals with deep roots in the East European Karaite communities. We also sampled one Karaite man whose family had immigrated and integrated into the Crimean Karaite community but was not originally from Europe. Except for this man's paternal line, only East European Karaite lineages were tested. Some of our participants were children of mixed marriages between a Karaite and a non-Karaite. The women could only be tested on their maternal lines since the Y chromosome is not transmitted from fathers to their daughters."
Since "Karaite Jews mainly use descent through the male line as the way to determine a person's automatic Jewish or non-Jewish religious status[; t]he same used to be true of Rabbinical Judaism", and Ruth converted into Judaism via a levirate marriage to Boaz, for Karaites to have "married non-Israelite (Iberian, Italian, Indian, etc.) women" and have them convert was seen as perfectly fine. Also, prisoner-of-war women who chose to stay after a whole month converted into Judaism.
As far as Ashkenazim:
As far as the "mosaic" aspect:
"Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for the father of a multitude of nations have I made thee. 6 And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee."
Also:
"[O]f them also will I take for the priests and for the Levites, saith the LORD."
By the way, they clearly admitted to limitations in the study. e.g.:
"In some cases, we could not recognize the ethno-ancestral characteristic of a specific haplotype; further comprehensive testing would accomplish this task. The detection of additional SNPs, testing for extended STR markers, and full mtDNA testing would help us to get a better understanding of the subjects of our investigation. Analysis of the autosomal DNA is another technique that would provide valuable inputs on this topic. Therefore, our study should be viewed as only a starting point for the analysis of this people."
Also:
"We sampled 23 East European Karaite men and 5 East European Karaite women: a total of 28 individuals with deep roots in the East European Karaite communities. We also sampled one Karaite man whose family had immigrated and integrated into the Crimean Karaite community but was not originally from Europe. Except for this man's paternal line, only East European Karaite lineages were tested. Some of our participants were children of mixed marriages between a Karaite and a non-Karaite. The women could only be tested on their maternal lines since the Y chromosome is not transmitted from fathers to their daughters."
Since "Karaite Jews mainly use descent through the male line as the way to determine a person's automatic Jewish or non-Jewish religious status[; t]he same used to be true of Rabbinical Judaism", and Ruth converted into Judaism via a levirate marriage to Boaz, for Karaites to have "married non-Israelite (Iberian, Italian, Indian, etc.) women" and have them convert was seen as perfectly fine. Also, prisoner-of-war women who chose to stay after a whole month converted into Judaism.
Also, women were usually not allowed to convert outside of Yahadut P'rushit—heck; they're not even allowed to be involved in sedarim l'Pesach, Torah and Talmud study, or donning of tefillin and tallitot in haredi communities: that's a "man's job", as the saying goes, in that community. After all, "[t]he rabbis are not concerned that women are not spiritual enough; rather, they are concerned that women might become too spiritually devoted".
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